JAMB Chemistry Past Questions & Answers - Page 7

Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. The metal atom donates one or more electrons to the non-metal atom, resulting in the formation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. These oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound.

Ionization energy generally increases from left to right across a period. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom, and as you move from left to right, the atomic size decreases, making it harder to remove an electron, and thus, the ionization energy increases.

To balance the redox reaction, we need to ensure that the number of atoms of each element and the total charge are the same on both sides of the equation. In this reaction, we can see that the number of oxygen (O) atoms is not balanced. To balance them, we need to add a coefficient of 3 in front of CO\(_2\) to get 3CO\(_2\). Similarly, the number of iron (Fe) atoms is not balanced. To balance them, we need to add a coefficient of 2 in front of Fe to get 2Fe

The reducing agent is the species that undergoes oxidation and causes the reduction of another species. In this reaction, zinc (Zn) is being oxidized to form zinc sulfate (ZnSO\(_4\)) while reducing copper sulfate (CuSO\(_4\)) to copper (Cu).

In the gas state of matter, particles are widely spaced and move freely with high kinetic energy. Gases do not have a definite shape or volume and will fill the entire available space.

Stainless steel is an alloy composed of iron and chromium, with small amounts of other elements like nickel and molybdenum. The addition of chromium provides stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance.

According to Boyle's law (for constant temperature), the product of initial pressure and initial volume is equal to the product of final pressure and final volume. Therefore, (1.5 liters) × (2 atmospheres) = (new volume) × (4 atmospheres). Solving for the new volume gives us (new volume) = (1.5 liters × 2 atmospheres) / 4 atmospheres = 0.75 liters.

Faraday's constant is a proportionality constant that relates the amount of electric charge (in coulombs) required to liberate or deposit one mole of substance during an electrolytic reaction. Its value is approximately 96,485 C/mol.

Temporary hardness in water can be removed by boiling. When water is boiled, the calcium and magnesium bicarbonates decompose, forming insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), which precipitate out of the water.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a trace gas in the atmosphere, but it plays a significant role in the greenhouse effect. It absorbs and traps heat from the Earth's surface, contributing to global warming.